Slovo editora

MUDr. Irena Krčmová, CSc.

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):04  

The significant role of gliflozins in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Mária Kolesárová, Michaela Bučková, Dana Marcinčáková, Zuzana Mačeková, Peter Takáč

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):5-12 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2025.072  

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic progressive syndrome leading to damage to most tissues in the body. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the resulting effect of combined pharmacotherapy of DM2 after adding gliflozins to pharmacotherapy. The study included 30 patients with combined pharmacotherapy for DM2, with an average age of 65 ± 8.71 years. The parameters monitored were blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerides (TAG). Patients enrolled in the study were indicated for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i),...

Allergic rhinitis - allergist's point of view

Ester Seberová

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):13-18 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.013  

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic immunoglobulin E-mediated nasal illness that affects quality of life and productivity of patients and can lead to serious complications such as asthma. The complex therapy includes conventional pharmacotherapy (intranasal corticosteroids, oral and intranasal antihistamines, leukotriene antagonists, intranasal and oral vasoconstrictors, and nasal rinses), and in some cases also allergen immunotherapy. Good cooperation of patients, physitians of different specialities and pharmacists is necessary for improving standards of care. Modern informatic technologies can be helpful in this field.

Allergen immunotherapy for respiratory allergies

Jiří Nevrlka

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):19-24 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.011  

Specific allergen immunotherapy is the only causal and disease‑modifying treatment modality for respiratory allergies. It represents a personalized approach that may induce long‑term immunotolerance to causal allergens. It can thus reduce or even completely eliminate symptoms of allergic rhinitis and, in some patients, allergic asthma, decrease the need for pharmacotherapy, improve patients' quality of life and, last but not least, protect them against progression of the allergic disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of allergen immunothe­rapy in diseases related to inhalant allergens and discusses...

Biological treatment of asthma at the end of the first quarter of the 21^st century

Jakub Novosad, Irena Krčmová

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):25-33 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.010  

Bronchial asthma affects more than 339 million people worldwide, with traditional treatment achieving ultimate success in only about 50-60 % of patients. Since the turn of the 21^st century, we have been facing a revolution in asthmatology, consisting in the introduction of precision medicine focused on identifying pathogenetically causal molecular endotypes of the disease (type 2-high and type 2-low) using biomarkers (eosinophils, FeNO, IgE) and the introduction of targeted biological treatment with monoclonal antibodies: omalizumab (anti-IgE), mepolizumab, depemokimab (anti-IL-5), benralizumab (anti-IL-5R), dupilumab (anti-IL-4R) and tezepelumab...

Injectable and non-injectable adrenaline applicators - their use in practice

Irena Krčmová, Jakub Novosad

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):34-40 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.012  

Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening systemic reaction, that affects the skin, respiratory tract, circulation and/or digestive tract simultaneously or sequentially, but occurring within a short period of time (within 1 hour of the onset of the first symptoms). The most severe form of anaphylaxis is anaphylactic shock. From a pathophysiological point of view, it can be an immunological reaction, mediated by IgE antibodies or other immunological mechanisms and the subsequent massive release of biologically active mediators from mast cells and basophils. Mast cells/basophils can also be degranulated non-immunologically by direct receptor...

Interactions between ARTA drugs and orally administered anticoagulants

Kryštof Dobečka, Anna Králová

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):41-46 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2025.068  

ARTA drugs, including enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and abiraterone, are antiandrogenic agents used in the treatment of prostate cancer. These medications can induce or inhibit biotransformation enzymes and transporters, thereby affecting plasma concentrations and the efficacy of concomitantly administered drugs. This article examines the interactions between ARTA and orally administered anticoagulants such as apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, and warfarin. It outlines the mechanism of interactions between individual agents and summarizes the current state of knowledge on optimizing pharmacotherapy when combining ARTA with anticoagulants....

QT interval, etiopathogenesis of "torsade de pointes", and risk pharmacotherapy

Přemysl Mladěnka, Josef Kautzner

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):47-55 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.002  

The electrocardiographic QT interval reflects the duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Prolongation of the QT interval occurs most commonly due to a slowdown in the late repolarization phase. There are inherited forms of long QT syndrome caused by mutations in genes that encode components of potassium or sodium channels, with a prevalence of about 1 in 2000 inhabitants. Additionally, there are acquired forms of long QT syndrome, which often result from the use of certain medications. These drugs either directly block the potassium channel Kv11.1 (hERG), or disrupt its trafficking. Prolonged QT interval is a key risk factor for...

The microbiome and pharmacotherapy: from mechanisms to consequences

Lenka Jourová, Eva Anzenbacherová, Pavel Anzenbacher

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):56-60 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.001  

The gut microbiome plays a significant role in the regulation of physiological processes and, in certain cases, may also influence the outcome of pharmacotherapy - from variability in the efficacy of commonly used drugs to the results of modern immunotherapies. Interactions between microbial metabolites, host hepatic enzymes, and the immune system may determine whether a treatment succeeds or fails. Understanding these mechanisms opens the way to novel approaches that can enhance drug efficacy, reduce the risk of adverse effects, and bring personalized medicine closer to clinical practice. This article provides a concise overview of current knowledge...

Targeted treatment of psoriatic arthritis

Leona Procházková

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):61-66 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2025.067  

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease from the group of spondyloarthritis. The disease is characterized by joint, enthesis, or axial skeleton involvement in patients with psoriasis. Joint manifestations usually occur after the development of skin psoriasis, although in a smaller subset of patients, this may be the reverse. The phenotype of psoriatic arthritis is highly variable, reflecting a combination of specific musculoskeletal manifestations and various forms and severity of skin psoriasis, as well as the presence of extra-articular manifestations of the disease. The different presentations of the disease, especially...

Methadone poisoning in a child

Alice Nogolová, Markéta Ručková, Petra Matalová

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):67-69 | DOI: 10.36290/far.2026.005  

Intoxication and accidental ingestion of toxic substances is a common cause of hospita­lization in children, especially younger ones. Usually, the cause of ingestion is improper storage of toxic substances and their easy accessibility to children. The most common causes of poisoning are the ingestion of medicines, chemicals, drugs, including alcohol, and natural substances. We describe a case of intoxication in a four-year-old boy, who accidentally ingested methadone, used by his stepfather in substitution treatment of opiate addiction, he received treatment with opiate antidote naloxone. Though is this type of intoxication being rare in children,...

Komentář k článku: Linezolid a terapeutické monitorování: Nastal čas pro rutinní TDM?

Martin Róbert Grác, Pavel Suk, Jitka Rychlíčková

Klin Farmakol Farm. 2026;40(1):70-71